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Hypnotic benzodiazepines can cause:
A dose-dependent increase in both REM and slow wave sleep Do not change sleep patterns A dose-dependent decrease in both REM and slow wave sleep A dose-dependent increase in REM sleep and decrease in slow wave sleep |
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Although the benzodiazepines continue to be the agents of choice for insomnia, they have:
The possibility of psychological and physiological dependence Synergistic depression of CNS with other drugs (especially alcohol) Residual drowsiness and daytime sedation All of the above |
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Which of the following hypnotic drugs causes least suppression of REM sleep?
Flumazenil Phenobarbital Flurazepam Secobarbital |
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All of the hypnotic drugs induce:
Increase the duration of REM sleep Decrease the duration of REM sleep Do not alter the duration of REM sleep Increase the duration of slow wave sleep |
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During slow wave sleep (stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep):
Dreams occur The secretion of adrenal steroids is at its highest Somnambulism and nightmares occur The secretion of somatotropin is at its lowest
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Which stage of sleep is responsible for the incidence of dreams?
REM sleep Slow wave sleep Stage 2NREM sleep All of the above |
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Indicate the main claim for an ideal hypnotic agent:
Rapid onset and sufficient duration of action Minor effects on sleep patterns Minimal “hangover” effects All of the above |
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Which of the following benzodiazepines is used mainly for hypnosis?
Clonozepam Lorazepam Flurazepam Midazolam |
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Barbiturates are being replaced by hypnotic benzodiazepines because of:
Low therapeutic index Suppression in REM sleep High potential of physical dependence and abuse All of the above |
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Which of the following agents is preferred in the treatment of insomnia?
Barbiturates Hypnotic benzodiazepines Ethanol Phenothiazide |
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Which of the following agents blocks the chloride channel directly?
Secobarbital Flumazenil Zaleplon Picrotoxin |
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Indicate the agent, which interferes with GABA binding:
Flurazepam Bicuculline Thiopental Zolpidem |
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Flumazenil blocks the actions of:
Phenobarbital Morphine Zolpidem Ethanol |
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Which is the competitive antagonist of BZ receptors:
Flumazenil Picrotoxin Zolpidem Temazepam |
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Which of the following hypnotic agents is able to interact with both BZ1 and BZ2 receptor subtypes?
Zaleplon Phenobarbital Flurazepam Zolpidem |
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Indicate a hypnotic drug - a selective agonist at the BZ1 receptor subtype:
Flurazepam Zolpidem Triazolam Flumazenil
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Which of the following hypnotic agents is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor function?
Zaleplon Flurazepam Zolpidem All of the above |
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Imidazopyridines are a kind of :
Partial agonists at brain 5-TH1A receptors Selective agonists of the BZ1 (omega1) subtype of BZ receptors Competitive antagonists of BZ receptors Nonselective agonists of both BZ1 and BZ2 receptor subtypes |
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Indicate the mechanism of barbiturate action (at hypnotic doses):
Increasing the duration of the GABA-gated Cl- channel openings Directly activating the chloride channels Increasing the frequency of Cl- channel opening events All of the above |
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Which of the following hypnotics is preferred in patients with limited hepatic function?
Zolpidem Amobarbital Flurozepam Pentobarbital |
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